This article examines the importance of psychological support in improving the mental state of women during the postpartum period from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. The article presents a theoretical review of domestic and international studies focusing on postpartum depression, anxiety disorders, and emotional exhaustion in women after childbirth. Key social and psychological factors influencing women’s mental well-being during the postpartum period are analyzed, including the level of emotional and social support, the quality of family relationships, and psychological adaptation to the maternal role. It is shown that psychological support plays a crucial role in enhancing emotional stability, restoring internal resources, and reducing psychoemotional stress in postpartum women. An empirical study was conducted using a survey method involving women from various regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The findings indicate a high prevalence of anxiety, emotional exhaustion, and mood decline among postpartum women. The results also reveal that the majority of respondents do not seek professional psychological help despite experiencing significant emotional difficulties. Insufficient emotional and social support was found to increase the risk of postpartum depression and negatively affect women’s overall psychological well-being. Based on the research findings, the article substantiates the need to develop comprehensive psychological support systems for postpartum women, to enhance psychological awareness within society, and to implement preventive psychological counseling programs during the perinatal period.