The article provides a comprehensive examination of the issue of developing the professional competence of future psychologists within the system of higher education in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The theoretical analysis clarified the essence, content, and structural components of professional competence, while also identifying the specific features of its development in the learning process. The study highlights the interrelation of cognitive, practical, and personal components as integral factors ensuring the holistic training of psychology specialists. In the context of the ongoing modernization of Kazakhstan’s higher education system, the competence-based approach becomes particularly significant, as it is aimed at preparing competitive, adaptable, and professionally mature specialists. The challenges of globalization and the increasing demands of the labor market require graduates to possess not only theoretical knowledge, but also strong research and practical skills, critical thinking, and professional self-awareness. The findings indicate that the application of practice-oriented teaching methods contributes to students’ professional identity development and enhances their readiness for effective activity in educational and social spheres. The scientific novelty lies in the refinement of the theoretical model of professional competence and in determining the pedagogical conditions that ensure its effective development. The practical significance is defined by the possibility of implementing the proposed methodological recommendations in university curricula to improve the quality of professional training of future psychologists.